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2776(memory)S 3137(into)S 3319(which)S 3591(characters)S 4027(can)S 4193(be)S (written)286 4314 A 4626(to)S 4730(be)S 4851(displayed,)S 2136 V 1080(an)S 1205(I/O)S 1370(register)S 1703(that)S 1884(sets)S 2065(the)S 2218(video)S 2470(memory)S 2834(origin)S 3103(to)S 3210(the)S 3362(character)S 3762(that)S 3942(is)S 4038(to)S 4145(be)S 4269(displayed)S 4683(on)S 4812(the)S 4964(top-left)S 2256 V (position)323 1080 A 1431(of)S 1543(the)S 1694(screen,)S 2005(and)S 2178(an)S 2301(I/O)S 2464(register)S 2795(that)S 2974(sets)S 3154(the)S (position)323 3306 A 3658(of)S 3771(the)S 3923(hardware)S 4328(cursor.)S 4659(Each)S 4890(character)S 2376 V 1080(within)S 1368(video)S 1622(memory)S 1988(is)S 2085(a)S 2160(two-byte)S 2548(word.)S 2835(The)S 3022(low)S 3203(byte)S 3406(is)S 3503(the)S 3656(character)S 4057(code,)S 4302(and)S 4477(the)S 4630(high)S 4838(byte)S 5041(is)S 5138(the)S 2496 V 1080("attribute)S 1485(byte",)S 1752(a)S 1825(set)S 1965(of)S 2077(bits)S 2250(that)S 2429(controls)S 2781(the)S 2932(way)S 3128(the)S 3279(character)S 3678(is)S 3774(displayed,)S 4213(character)S 4613(and)S (background)474 4787 A 2616 V 1080(colours)S 1401(for)S 1544(a)S 1614(colour)S 1896(card,)S 2120(or)S (intensity/underline/reverse)1074 2229 A 3328(video)S 3576(for)S (monochrome.)555 3719 A 2784 V 1080(These)S 1346(are)S 1495(the)S 1643(characteristics)S 2246(of)S 2355(the)S 2503(adapters)S 2864(in)S 2967(text)S 3143(mode:)S 2952 V 1440(Adapter)S 2190(Usable)S 2495(memory)S (Mono/Colour)546 2940 A 3072 V 1490(MDA)S 2240(4K)S 2990(M)S 3192 V 1490(Hercules)S 2240(4K)S 2990(M)S 3312 V 1490(CGA)S 2240(16K)S 2990(C)S 3432 V 1490(EGA)S 2240(32K)S 2990(M)S 3104(or)S 3213(C)S 3552 V (VGA)219 1490 A 2240(32K)S 2990(M)S 3104(or)S 3213(C)S 3720 V 1080(MDA)S 1342(and)S 1514(Hercules)S 1900(are)S 2051(the)S 2201(same)S 2435(to)S 2540(the)S 2690(console)S 3024(driver,)S (because)319 3317 A 3663(the)S 3813(graphics)S 4181(mode)S 4432(of)S 4544(the)S 4695(Hercules)S 5082(is)S 5177(of)S 3840 V 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1080(sole.)S 1328(CGA)S 1577(can)S (support)301 1753 A 2090(up)S 2226(to)S 2340(four)S (80x25)250 2544 A 2830(consoles,)S 3237(and)S 3418(EGA)S 3662(and)S (VGA)219 3843 A 4098(can)S 4274(have)S 4500(eight.)S 4787(It)S 4884(is)S 4986(best)S 5183(to)S 5256 V 1080(con\256gure)S 1487(one)S 1659(less)S 1837(console)S 2171(to)S 2276(leave)S 2516(some)S 2755(video)S 3006(memory)S 3369(free)S 3555(so)S 3672(that)S 3851(hardware)S (scrolling)352 4255 A 4635(has)S 4797(some)S (space)224 5037 A 5376 V 1080(to)S 1183(work)S 1415(in.)S 5544 V 1080(Character)S 1502(codes)S 1760(are)S 1913(used)S 2126(as)S 2239(indices)S 2553(into)S 2738(a)S 2812(display)S 3131(font)S 3322(that)S 3502(is)S 3598(stored)S 3873(in)S 3980(the)S 4132(adapter.)S 4508(The)S 4694(default)S 5003(font)S 5194(is)S 5664 V 1080(the)S 1252(IBM)S 1491(character)S 1911(set,)S 2097(which)S 2391(is)S 2506(an)S 2649(ASCII)S 2961(character)S 3380(set)S 3540(in)S 3666(the)S 3837(low)S (128)150 4036 A 4234(codes,)S 4536(and)S 4729(a)S 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4963(charac-)S 6432 V 1080(ters)S (written)286 1252 A 1564(to)S 1668(the)S 1817(console)S 2150(are)S 2300(displayed)S 2711(at)S 2810(the)S 2959(cursor)S (position)323 3237 A 3586(and)S 3757(the)S 3906(cursor)S 4184(is)S 4277(advanced)S 4683(one)S 4855(column)S 5183(to)S 6552 V 1080(the)S 1236(right.)S 1509(If)S 1610(an)S 1738(entire)S 2001(line)S 2185(is)S 2285(\256lled)S 2525(then)S 2730(the)S 2885(cursor)S 3169(wraps)S 3442(to)S 3552(the)S 3707(\256rst)S 3896(column)S 4229(of)S 4345(the)S 4500(next)S 4705(line)S 4888(when)S 5138(the)S 6672 V 1080(next)S 1279(character)S 1676(must)S 1897(be)S 2018(displayed.)S 2479(The)S 2662(screen)S 2946(is)S 3039(scrolled)S 3384(up)S 3510(if)S 3598(needed)S 3909(to)S 4013(start)S 4213(a)S 4284(new)S 4479(line.)S 4707(Some)S 4963(charac-)S 6792 V 1080(ters)S 1259(have)S 1482(special)S 1795(effects)S 2098(when)S 2349(sent)S 2544(to)S 2655(the)S 2811(console.)S 3200(Some)S 3461(even)S 3683(have)S 3905(arguments)S 4356(in)S 4466(the)S 4621(form)S 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3147(Same)S 3396(for)S (background)474 3539 A 4038(colour)S 6168 V 1080(The)S 1265(console)S 1600(device)S 1891(implements)S 2388(the)S 2539(following)S 2958(ioctl)S 3166(to)S (copy)195 3273 A 3497(a)S 3571(font)S 3762(into)S 3947(font)S 4138(memory)S 4502(on)S 4631(EGA)S 4868(and)S (VGA)219 5042 A 6288 V 1080(adapters:)S 6456 V 10 B 1440(ioctl\()S 10 I 1659(fd)S 10 B 1745(,)S 1795(TIOCSFON,)S 2371(u8_t)S 10 I 2586(font)S 10 B ([256][32]\);)454 2750 A 6624 V 10 R 1080(Font)S 1294(memory)S 1659(consists)S 2007(of)S (256)150 2121 A 2301(character)S (de\256nitions)424 2702 A 3156(of)S 3270(32)S 3401(lines)S 3622(per)S 3782(character)S 4184(and)S 4360(8)S 4441(pixels)S 4712(per)S 4872(line.)S 5104(The)S 6744 V 1080(\256rst)S 1264(line)S 1442(is)S 1536(the)S 1686(topmost)S 2036(line)S 2214(of)S 2325(the)S 2475(character.)S 2923(The)S 3107(leftmost)S 3464(pixel)S 3691(is)S (lit)84 3784 A 3894(if)S 3982(the)S 4131(most)S 4352(signi\256cant)S 4797(bit)S 4929(of)S 5039(a)S 5110(line)S 6864 V 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4175(are)S 4330(currently)S 4725(hidden)S 5029(in)S 5138(the)S 3336 V 10 B 1080(loadkeys)S 10 R (utility.)265 1479 A 3504 V 870(L)S 872(Lo)S 936(og)S 988(g)S 1065(d)S 1067(de)S 1119(ev)S 1166(vi)S 1218(ic)S 1248(ce)S 1295(e)S 3624 V 1080(The)S 10 B 1270(log)S 10 R 1431(device)S 1727(can)S 1900(be)S 2028(used)S 2245(by)S 2378(processes)S 2797(to)S 2908(print)S (debug)245 3131 A 3409(messages)S 3823(onto)S 4035(the)S 4192(console.)S 4583(The)S 4774(console)S 5115(is)S 5216(a)S 3744 V 1080(terminal)S 1449(type)S 1655(device,)S 1976(so)S 2098(it)S 2187(is)S 2287(taken)S 2538(from)S 2766(processes)S 3184(when)S 3434(a)S 3511(session)S 3833(leader)S 4112(exits.)S 4384(This)S 4595(does)S 4811(not)S 4971(happen)S 3864 V 1080(with)S 1284(the)S 1432(log)S 1585(device.)S 4032 V 9 R 720(S)S 722(SE)S 774(EE)S 832(E)S 913(A)S 915(AL)S 983(LS)S 1041(SO)S 1093(O)S 4152 V 10 B 1080(tty)S 10 R 1198(\(4\),)S 10 B 1366(loadkeys)S 10 R 1740(\(1\),)S 10 B 1908(keymap)S 10 R 2249(\(5\),)S 10 B 2417(boot)S 10 R 2607(\(8\).)S 4320 V 9 R 720(N)S 722(NO)S 790(OT)S 858(TE)S 916(ES)S 974(S)S 4440 V 10 R 1080(Output)S 1387(processing)S 1845(turns)S 2074(Line)S 2287(Feeds)S 2550(into)S 2734(CR)S 2897(LF)S 3044(sequences.)S 3531(Don't)S 3795(let)S 3925(this)S 4099(surprise)S (you.)175 4447 A 4676(Either)S 4952(turn)S 5143(off)S 4560 V 1080(output)S 1361(processing)S 1816(or)S 1925(use)S 2084(one)S 2254(of)S 2363(the)S (synonyms)406 2511 A 2942(for)S 3085(LF.)S 4728 V 9 R 720(A)S 722(AU)S 790(UT)S 858(TH)S 916(HO)S 984(OR)S 1052(R)S 4848 V 10 R 1080(Kees)S 1307(J.)S 1396(Bot)S 1566(\(kjb@cs.vu.nl\))S 7903 V 720(Page)S 941(3)S 4455(September)S 4911(13,)S (1996)200 5061 A 8143 V EP %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Bold Times-Italic %%Pages: 3