%!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: devps (Pipeline Associates, Inc.) %%CreationDate: Fri Sep 13 13:09:51 1996 %%Pages: (atend) %%DocumentFonts: (atend) /devps 180 dict def devps begin /res 10.000000 def /y_offset 843 def /X{exch}bind def /mm {transform round X round X itransform} bind def /r{rmoveto}bind def /m{moveto}bind def /l{lineto}bind def /rl{rlineto}bind def /st{stroke}bind def /gs{gsave}bind def /gr{grestore}bind def /cp{currentpoint}bind def /np{newpath}bind def /ct{curveto}bind def systemdict /setpacking known { /savepacking currentpacking def true setpacking } if /m0{0 0 moveto}bind def /xc{//res div}bind def /yc{//res neg div //y_offset add}bind def /lc{yc X xc X l st}bind def /mc{yc X xc X m}bind def /el{gs /a X def a div 1 X scale cp np a xc 2 div 0 360 arc st gr}bind def /ar{cp 7 2 roll np xc 5 1 roll atan 3 1 roll atan X arc st}bind def /sp{yc X xc X 6 2 roll yc X xc X 6 2 roll yc X xc X 6 2 roll ct}bind def /V{//res neg div //y_offset add currentpoint pop X m}bind def /H{//res div 0 transform X round X itransform pop currentpoint X pop moveto}bind def /h{//res div 0 r}bind def /v{//res neg div 0 X r}bind def /S{X H show}bind def /A{H //res div 1 index stringwidth pop sub 1 index length div 0 3 2 roll ashow}bind def /psize 10 def /height 0 def /cheight { height 0 ne { height } { psize } ifelse } bind def /slant 0 def /FF{findfont X dup 30 div 0 mm pop setlinewidth /psize X def [psize 0 cheight slant sin slant cos div mul cheight 0 0] makefont setfont}bind def /shade{gs /dy X def /dx X def np m 0 /dy rl /dx 0 rl 0 /dy neg rl /dx neg 0 rl closepath .9 setgray fill gr}bind def 1 setlinecap /resolution res 72 mul def /startFig { /SavedState save def userdict maxlength dict begin currentpoint transform DocumentInitState setmiterlimit setgray setdash setlinejoin setlinecap setlinewidth setmatrix itransform moveto /ury exch def /urx exch def /lly exch def /llx exch def /y exch 72 mul resolution div def /x exch 72 mul resolution div def currentpoint /cy exch def /cx exch def /sx x urx llx sub div def /sy y ury lly sub div def sx sy scale cx sx div llx sub cy sy div ury sub translate /DefFigCTM matrix currentmatrix def /initmatrix { DefFigCTM setmatrix } def /defaultmatrix { DefFigCTM exch copy } def /initgraphics { DocumentInitState setmiterlimit setgray setdash setlinejoin setlinecap setlinewidth setmatrix DefFigCTM setmatrix } def /showpage { initgraphics } def }bind def /clipFig { currentpoint 6 2 roll newpath 4 copy 4 2 roll moveto 6 -1 roll exch lineto exch lineto exch lineto closepath clip newpath moveto }bind def /doclip { llx lly urx ury clipFig } def /endFig { end SavedState restore }bind def /globalstart { fontnum psize slant height resolution currentpoint pagesave restore gsave }bind def /globalend { grestore moveto /resolution exch def /height exch def /slant exch def /psize exch def /fontnum exch def F /pagesave save def }bind def /fontnum 1 def systemdict /setpacking known { savepacking setpacking} if end /BP{ save mark devps begin m0 /DocumentInitState [ matrix currentmatrix currentlinewidth currentlinecap currentlinejoin currentdash currentgray currentmiterlimit ] cvx def }bind def /EP{ end cleartomark restore showpage}def /Encoding-1 256 array def 0 1 255 {Encoding-1 exch /.notdef put} for Encoding-1 8#301 StandardEncoding 8#101 26 getinterval putinterval %A-B Encoding-1 8#341 StandardEncoding 8#141 26 getinterval putinterval %a-b Encoding-1 8#241 StandardEncoding 8#301 16 getinterval putinterval %accents Encoding-1 8#373 StandardEncoding 8#365 1 getinterval putinterval %dotlessi Encoding-1 dup 8#41 /copyright put dup 8#42 /registered put dup 8#43 /trademark put dup 8#44 /logicalnot put dup 8#45 /Eth put dup 8#46 /eth put dup 8#47 /Thorn put dup 8#50 /thorn put dup 8#51 /brokenbar put dup 8#52 /degree put dup 8#53 /divide put dup 8#54 /multiply put dup 8#55 /minus put dup 8#56 /onehalf put dup 8#57 /onequarter put dup 8#60 /threequarters put dup 8#101 /Aacute put dup 8#102 /Acircumflex put dup 8#103 /Adieresis put dup 8#104 /Agrave put dup 8#105 /Aring put dup 8#106 /Atilde put dup 8#107 /Ccedilla put dup 8#110 /Eacute put dup 8#111 /Ecircumflex put dup 8#112 /Edieresis put dup 8#113 /Egrave put dup 8#114 /Iacute put dup 8#115 /Icircumflex put dup 8#116 /Idieresis put dup 8#117 /Igrave put dup 8#120 /Ntilde put dup 8#121 /Oacute put dup 8#122 /Ocircumflex put dup 8#123 /Odieresis put dup 8#124 /Ograve put dup 8#125 /Otilde put dup 8#126 /Scaron put dup 8#127 /Uacute put dup 8#130 /Ucircumflex put dup 8#131 /Udieresis put dup 8#132 /Ugrave put dup 8#133 /Ydieresis put dup 8#134 /Zcaron put dup 8#135 /aacute put dup 8#136 /acircumflex put dup 8#137 /adieresis put dup 8#140 /agrave put dup 8#141 /aring put dup 8#142 /atilde put dup 8#143 /ccedilla put dup 8#144 /eacute put dup 8#145 /ecircumflex put dup 8#146 /edieresis put dup 8#147 /egrave put dup 8#150 /iacute put dup 8#151 /icircumflex put dup 8#152 /idieresis put dup 8#153 /igrave put dup 8#154 /ntilde put dup 8#155 /oacute put dup 8#156 /ocircumflex put dup 8#157 /odieresis put dup 8#160 /ograve put dup 8#161 /otilde put dup 8#162 /scaron put dup 8#163 /uacute put dup 8#164 /ucircumflex put dup 8#165 /udieresis put dup 8#166 /ugrave put dup 8#167 /ydieresis put dup 8#170 /zcaron put pop /Enc-dict 30 dict def Enc-dict /tmpstr1 50 string put Enc-dict /tmpstr2 50 string put Enc-dict /tmpstr3 50 string dup (Encoding-) exch cvs pop put /AEnc-def { % arguments: the original font's name, encoding nr Enc-dict begin tmpstr2 cvs /Enc-no exch def % Remember the number in a string dup /OrigName exch def % remember the name findfont dup maxlength dict /newdict exch def % get dictionary for new font { exch dup /FID ne { exch newdict 3 1 roll put } { pop pop } % Ignore FID ifelse } forall newdict begin /Encoding tmpstr3 9 Enc-no putinterval tmpstr3 0 9 Enc-no length add getinterval cvn load def % Replace encoding currentdict /UniqueID known { /UniqueID UniqueID Enc-no cvi 49999 mul add def } if % Derive New UniqueID end % newdict /FNlength OrigName tmpstr1 cvs length def % convert name, remember length FNlength 1 add Enc-no length add string dup 0 OrigName tmpstr1 cvs putinterval dup FNlength (-) putinterval dup FNlength 1 add Enc-no putinterval dup 0 tmpstr1 0 FNlength getinterval putinterval % Add old name cvn dup newdict /FontName 3 2 roll put newdict definefont end % Enc-dict } def /Times-Roman 1 AEnc-def pop /R-1{/Times-Roman-1 FF}def /R{/Times-Roman FF}def /B{/Times-Bold FF}def /I{/Times-Italic FF}def /Y{/Symbol FF}def %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 BP /slant 0 def /height 0 def 480 V 10 R 720(PASSWD)S 1137(\()S 1179(5)S 1237(\))S 2696(Eighth)S (Edition)296 2989 A 4710(PASSWD)S 5127(\()S 5169(5)S 5227(\))S 960 V 9 R 720(N)S 722(NA)S 790(AM)S 858(ME)S 940(E)S 1080 V 10 R 1080(passwd,)S (group,)259 1426 A 1710(shadow)S 10 R-1 2042(-)S 10 R 2124(user)S 2317(and)S (group)234 2487 A 2746(databases,)S 3182(shadow)S 3514(passwords)S 1248 V 9 R 720(S)S 722(SY)S 774(YN)S 842(NO)S 910(OP)S 978(PS)S 1030(SI)S 1082(IS)S 1115(S)S 1368 V 10 B 1080(/etc/passwd)S 1488 V 1080(/etc/group)S 1608 V 1080(/etc/shadow)S 1776 V 9 R 720(D)S 722(DE)S 790(ES)S 848(SC)S 900(CR)S 962(RI)S 1024(IP)S 1057(PT)S 1109(TI)S 1167(IO)S 1200(ON)S 1268(N)S 1896 V 10 B 1080(/etc/passwd)S 10 R 1598(lists)S 1785(all)S 1911(the)S 2059(users)S 2292(of)S 2402(the)S 2551(system,)S 2881(and)S 10 B 3052(/etc/group)S 10 R 3515(lists)S 3703(all)S 3830(the)S (groups)273 3979 A 4278(the)S 4427(users)S 4660(may)S (belong)273 4859 A 5158(to.)S 2016 V 1080(Both)S 1303(\256les)S 1499(also)S 1689(contain)S 2013(encrypted)S 2438(passwords,)S 2910(numeric)S 3268(ID's)S 3476(etc.)S 3672(Encrypted)S 4114(passwords)S 4561(may)S 4761(be)S 4883(hidden)S 5183(in)S 2136 V 1080(the)S 1228(\256le)S 10 B 1382(/etc/shadow)S 10 R 1911(if)S 1998(extra)S 2225(protection)S 2658(is)S 2750(warranted.)S 2304 V 1080(Each)S 1309(\256le)S 1465(is)S 1559(an)S 1681(text)S 1859(\256le)S 2015(containing)S 2466(one)S 2638(line)S 2816(per)S 2973(user)S 3169(or)S (group.)259 3281 A 3593(The)S 3778(data)S 3974(\256elds)S 4220(on)S 4348(a)S 4421(line)S 4600(are)S 4752(separated)S 5161(by)S 2424 V 1080(colons.)S 1417(Each)S 1644(line)S 1820(in)S 1923(the)S 2071(password)S 2476(\256le)S 2630(has)S 2789(the)S 2937(following)S 3353(form:)S 2592 V 10 I 1440(name:passwd:uid:gid:gecos:dir:shell)S 2760 V 10 R 1080(The)S 10 I 1270(name)S 10 R 1521(\256eld)S 1733(is)S 1833(the)S 1989(login)S 2228(name)S 2479(of)S 2596(a)S 2674(user,)S 2900(it)S 2989(is)S 3089(up)S 3222(to)S 3333(8)S 3416(letters)S 3696(or)S 3813(numbers)S (long)178 4192 A 4403(starting)S 4738(with)S 4950(a)S 5028(letter.)S 2880 V 1080(The)S 1277(login)S 1523(name)S 1781(must)S 2016(be)S 2151(unique.)S 2514(The)S 10 I 2710(password)S 10 R 3133(\256eld)S 3351(is)S 3457(either)S 3726(empty)S 4016(\(no)S 4189(password\),)S 4667(a)S 4751(13)S 4890(character)S 3000 V 1080(encrypted)S 1516(password)S 1935(as)S 2058(returned)S 2433(by)S 10 B 2572(crypt)S 10 R 2802(\(3\),)S 2984(or)S 3108(a)S 3193(login)S 3439(name)S (preceded)364 3697 A 4101(by)S 4241(two)S 4432(number)S 4779(signs)S 5025(\(#\))S 5183(to)S 3120 V 1080(index)S 1337(the)S 1494(shadow)S 1835(password)S 2249(\256le.)S 2462(Anything)S 2875(else)S 3066(\(usually)S 10 Y 3424(*)S 10 R 3474(\))S 3542(is)S 3643(invalid.)S 4006(The)S 10 I 4197(uid)S 10 R 4359(and)S 10 I 4538(gid)S 10 R 4700(\256elds)S 4952(are)S 5110(two)S 3240 V 1080(numbers)S 1457(indicating)S 1890(the)S 2044(users)S 2282(user-id)S 2593(and)S (group-id.)371 2769 A 3196(These)S 3468(id's)S 3650(do)S 3781(not)S 3940(have)S 4161(to)S 4270(be)S 4397(unique,)S 4727(there)S 4961(may)S 5166(be)S 3360 V 1080(more)S 1318(than)S 1522(one)S 1698(name)S 1947(with)S 2157(the)S 2311(same)S 2549(id's.)S 2781(The)S 10 I 2969(gecos)S 10 R 3229(\256eld)S 3438(can)S 3608(be)S 3733(set)S 3875(by)S 4005(the)S 4158(user.)S 4406(It)S 4498(is)S 4595(expected)S 4983(to)S 5091(be)S 5216(a)S 3480 V 1080(comma)S 1405(separated)S 1815(list)S 1967(of)S 2080(personal)S 2450(data)S 2647(where)S 2923(the)S 3075(\256rst)S 3261(item)S 3469(is)S 3565(the)S 3718(full)S 3888(name)S 4136(of)S 4250(the)S 4403(user.)S 4651(The)S 10 I 4838(dir)S 10 R 4985(\256eld)S 5194(is)S 3600 V 1080(the)S 1239(path)S 1448(name)S 1702(of)S 1822(the)S 1981(users)S 2224(home)S 2482(directory.)S 2931(Lastly)S 3218(the)S 10 I 3376(shell)S 10 R 3601(\256eld)S 3815(is)S 3917(the)S 4075(path)S 4283(name)S 4536(of)S 4655(the)S 4813(users)S 5055(login)S 3720 V 1080(shell,)S 1325(it)S 1411(may)S 1614(be)S 1739(empty)S 2020(to)S 2128(indicate)S 10 B 2477(/bin/sh)S 10 R 2768(.)S 2848(A)S 2951(Minix)S 3226(speci\256c)S 3564(extension)S 3979(allows)S 4272(the)S 4425(shell)S 4646(\256eld)S 4856(to)S 4965(contain)S 3840 V 1080(extra)S (space)224 1307 A 1556(separated)S 1962(arguments)S 2406(for)S 2549(the)S 2697(shell.)S 4008 V 1080(Lines)S 1329(in)S 1432(the)S (group)234 1580 A 1839(\256le)S 1993(consist)S 2297(of)S 2406(four)S 2599(\256elds:)S 4176 V 10 I 1440(name:passwd:gid:mem)S 4344 V 10 R 1080(The)S 10 I 1268(name)S 10 R 1517(\256eld)S 1727(is)S 1825(the)S 1979(name)S 2228(of)S 2343(the)S (group,)259 2497 A 2787(same)S 3025(restrictions)S 3504(as)S 3619(a)S 3696(login)S 3934(name.)S 4234(The)S 10 I 4423(passwd)S 10 R 4750(\256eld)S 4961(may)S 5166(be)S 4464 V 1080(used)S 1292(to)S 1398(let)S 1527(users)S 1762(change)S (groups.)298 2075 A 2426(The)S 10 I 2611(gid)S 10 R 2767(\256eld)S 2974(is)S 3069(a)S 3142(number)S (telling)257 3477 A 3762(the)S (group-id.)371 3913 A 4337(The)S (group-id)346 4521 A 4894(is)S 4988(unique)S 4584 V 1080(for)S 1230(a)S (group.)259 1307 A 1623(The)S 10 I 1812(mem)S 10 R 2035(\256eld)S 2246(is)S 2345(a)S 2422(comma)S 2750(separated)S 3163(list)S 3319(of)S 3436(login)S 3675(names)S 3965(that)S 4149(are)S 4306(special)S 4619(members)S 5021(of)S 5138(the)S 4704 V (group.)259 1080 A 1395(If)S 1494(a)S 1570(system)S (supports)340 1880 A (supplementary)592 2251 A (group)234 2874 A 3139(id's)S 3321(then)S 3525(a)S 3600(user's)S 3871(set)S 4013(of)S (supplementary)592 4127 A (group)234 4749 A 5013(id's)S 5194(is)S 4824 V 1080(set)S 1231(to)S 1348(all)S 1488(the)S (groups)273 1650 A 1962(they)S 2174(are)S 2338(a)S 2423(member)S 2793(of.)S 2967(If)S 3075(a)S 3160(system)S 3479(allows)S 3782(one)S 3967(to)S 4085(change)S (groups)273 4410 A 4723(then)S 4936(one)S 5121(can)S 4944 V 1080(change)S 1390(to)S 1493(a)S (group)234 1563 A 1822(one)S 1992(is)S 2084(a)S 2154(member)S 2509(of)S (without)307 2618 A 2950(using)S 3192(the)S (group's)307 3340 A 3672(password.)S 5112 V 1080(The)S 1267(shadow)S 1604(password)S 2014(\256le)S 2173(has)S 2337(precisely)S 2731(the)S 2884(same)S 3121(form)S 3347(as)S 3461(the)S 3614(password)S 4024(\256le,)S 4208(except)S 4501(that)S 4682(only)S 4890(the)S 10 I 5043(name)S 5232 V 10 R 1080(or)S 10 I 1196(passwd)S 10 R 1523(\256elds)S 1772(are)S 1927(used)S 2142(as)S 2257(yet.)S 2461(The)S 2649(other)S 2887(\256elds)S 3136(are)S 3291(zero)S 3496(or)S 3611(empty.)S 3943(A)S 4047(password)S 4458(in)S 4567(the)S 4721(password)S 5132(\256le)S 5352 V 1080(may)S 1280(have)S 1497(the)S 1647(form)S 10 B 1870(##)S 10 I 1970(user)S 10 R 2170(to)S 2276(indicate)S 2623(the)S 2774(entry)S 10 I 3009(user)S 10 R 3210(in)S 3316(the)S 3467(shadow)S 3802(password)S 4210(\256le.)S 4417(The)S 4602(password)S 5010(in)S 5116(this)S 5472 V 1080(entry)S 1322(is)S 1424(then)S 1632(used)S 1851(for)S 2004(authentication)S 2609(of)S 2728(the)S 2886(user.)S 3139(The)S 3331(shadow)S 3673(\256le)S 3837(can)S 4012(only)S 4225(be)S 4354(read)S 4562(by)S 4696(the)S 4853(privileged)S 5592 V (utility)240 1080 A 10 B 1355(pwdauth)S 10 R 1736(\(8\),)S 1914(so)S 2038(that)S 2224(the)S 2382(encrypted)S 2814(passwords)S 3268(in)S 3381(the)S 3540(shadow)S 3883(\256le)S 4048(are)S 4208(kept)S 4417(secret,)S 4714(and)S 4895(thus)S 5098(safe)S 5712 V 1080(from)S 1301(a)S 1371(dictionary)S 1804(attack.)S 5880 V 870(S)S 872(Sp)S 930(pe)S 982(ec)S 1029(ci)S 1076(ia)S 1106(al)S 1153(l)S 1208(p)S 1210(pa)S 1262(as)S 1309(ss)S 1350(sw)S 1391(wo)S 1466(or)S 1518(rd)S 1554(d)S 1631(a)S 1633(an)S 1680(nd)S 1732(d)S 1809(g)S 1811(gr)S 1863(ro)S 1899(ou)S 1951(up)S 2003(p)S 2080(\256)S 2082(\256l)S 2140(le)S 2170(e)S 2242(e)S 2244(en)S 2291(nt)S 2343(tr)S 2373(ri)S 2409(ie)S 2439(es)S 2486(s)S 6000 V 1080(There)S 1344(are)S 1496(several)S 1810(entries)S 2107(in)S 2213(the)S 2364(password)S 2772(and)S (group)234 2945 A 3207(\256les)S 3403(that)S 3582(are)S 3735(preallocated)S 4257(for)S 4404(current)S 4719(or)S 4832(future)S 5102(use.)S 6120 V 1080(All)S 1234(id's)S 1410(less)S 1586(than)S 1784(10)S 1909(are)S 2058(reserved.)S 2475(The)S 2657(special)S 2962(password)S 3367(\256le)S 3521(entries)S 3815(are:)S 6288 V 1440(root:##root:0:0:Big)S 2246(Brother:/usr/src:)S 6408 V 1440(daemon:*:1:1:The)S 2202(Deuce:/etc:)S 6528 V 1440(bin:##root:2:0:Binaries:/usr/src:)S 6648 V 1440(uucp:*:5:5:UNIX)S 2175(to)S 2278(UNIX)S (copy:/usr/spool/uucp:/usr/sbin/uucico)1512 2556 A 6768 V 1440(news:*:6:6:Usenet)S (news:/usr/spool/news:)894 2214 A 6888 V (ftp:*:7:7:Anonymous)864 1440 A 2329(FTP:/usr/ftp:)S 7008 V (nobody:*:9999:99::/tmp:)1002 1440 A 7128 V 1440(ast:*:8:3:Andrew)S 2164(S.)S 2270(Tanenbaum:/usr/ast:)S 7296 V 1080(The)S 10 B 1268(root)S 10 R 1478(id)S 1587(is)S 1685(of)S 1800(course)S 2094(the)S 2248(super)S 2497(user.)S 2746(The)S 10 B 2934(daemon)S 10 R 3306(id)S 3415(is)S 3513(used)S 3728(by)S 3859(some)S 4103(daemons.)S 4542(Some)S 4803(devices)S 5137(are)S 7416 V 1080(protected)S 1485(so)S 1604(that)S 1785(only)S 1992(those)S 2233(daemons)S 2619(can)S (access)258 2788 A 3075(them.)S 3355(The)S 10 B 3541(bin)S 10 R 3710(id)S 3817(owns)S 4058(all)S 4188(sources)S 4519(and)S 4693(most)S 4917(binaries.)S 7536 V 1080(The)S 10 B 1274(uucp)S 10 R 1487(,)S 10 B 1549(news)S 10 R 1799(and)S 10 B 1981(ftp)S 10 R 2142(id's)S 2330(are)S 2491(for)S 2646(serial)S 2902(line)S 3090(data)S 3295(transfer,)S 3667(usenet)S 3962(news,)S 4232(or)S 4354(ftp)S 4504(if)S 4604(so)S 4731(needed.)S 5104(The)S 7903 V 720(Page)S 941(1)S 4455(September)S 4911(13,)S (1996)200 5061 A 8143 V EP %%Page: 2 2 BP /slant 0 def /height 0 def 480 V 10 R 720(PASSWD)S 1137(\()S 1179(5)S 1237(\))S 2696(Eighth)S (Edition)296 2989 A 4710(PASSWD)S 5127(\()S 5169(5)S 5227(\))S 960 V 10 B 1080(nobody)S 10 R 1431(id)S 1542(is)S 1642(used)S 1859(in)S 1970(those)S 2215(cases)S 2461(that)S 2645(a)S 2723(program)S 3097(may)S 3303(not)S 3464(have)S 3687(any)S 3865(privileges)S 4295(at)S 4401(all.)S 4585(The)S 10 B 4774(ast)S 10 R 4929(id)S 5039(is)S 5138(the)S 1080 V (honorary)363 1080 A 1470(home)S 1720(directory)S 2111(for)S 2256(Andrew)S 2608(S.)S 2716(Tanenbaum,)S 3243(the)S 3393(creator)S 3701(of)S 3812(Minix.)S 4134(You)S 4334(can)S 4501(also)S 4691(\256nd)S 4875(the)S (initial)235 5026 A 1200 V 1080(contents)S 1440(for)S 1583(a)S 1653(new)S 1846(home)S 2094(directory)S 2483(there.)S 1368 V 1080(The)S 1262(special)S (group)234 1567 A 1826(\256le)S 1980(entries)S 2274(are:)S 1536 V 1440(operator:*:0:)S 1656 V 1440(daemon:*:1:)S 1776 V 1440(bin:*:2:)S 1896 V 1440(other:*:3:)S 2016 V 1440(tty:*:4:)S 2136 V 1440(uucp:*:5:)S 2256 V 1440(news:*:6:)S 2376 V 1440(ftp:*:7:)S 2496 V 1440(kmem:*:8:)S 2616 V (nogroup:*:99:)568 1440 A 2784 V (Groups)296 1080 A 1406(with)S 1615(the)S 1768(same)S 2005(name)S 2253(as)S 2367(special)S 2677(user)S 2875(id)S 2983(are)S 3137(used)S 3351(with)S 3560(those)S 3802(id's.)S 4033(The)S 10 B 4220(operator)S 10 R (group)234 4626 A 4891(is)S 4989(for)S 5138(the)S 2904 V 1080(administrators)S 1683(of)S 1794(the)S 1944(system.)S 2300(Users)S 2557(in)S 2662(this)S (group)234 2834 A 3094(are)S 3244(granted)S 3572(special)S 3878(privileges.)S 4351(The)S 10 B 4534(other)S 10 R (group)234 4790 A 5050(is)S 5143(for)S 3024 V 1080(ordinary)S 1455(users.)S 1746(The)S 10 B 1937(tty)S 10 R (group)234 2089 A 2357(is)S 2458(for)S 2610(terminal)S 2980(devices,)S 3341(and)S 3520(associated)S 3968(set-gid)S 4276(commands.)S 4796(Same)S 5055(thing)S 3144 V 1080(with)S 1284(the)S 10 B 1432(kmem)S 10 R (group)234 1726 A 1985(and)S 2155(memory)S 2515(devices.)S 3312 V 9 R 720(F)S 722(FI)S 774(IL)S 807(LE)S 865(ES)S 923(S)S 3432 V 10 B 1080(/etc/passwd)S 10 R 1830(The)S 2012(user)S 2205(database.)S 3600 V 10 B 1080(/etc/group)S 10 R 1830(The)S (group)234 2012 A 2271(database.)S 3768 V 10 B 1080(/etc/shadow)S 10 R 1830(The)S 2012(shadow)S 2344(password)S 2749(\256le.)S 3936 V 9 R 720(S)S 722(SE)S 774(EE)S 832(E)S 913(A)S 915(AL)S 983(LS)S 1041(SO)S 1093(O)S 4056 V 10 B 1080(login)S 10 R 1292(\(1\),)S 10 B 1460(passwd)S 10 R 1773(\(1\),)S 10 B 1941(su)S 10 R 2036(\(1\),)S 10 B 2204(crypt)S 10 R 2434(\(3\),)S 10 B 2602(getpwent)S 10 R 2995(\(3\),)S 10 B 3163(getgrent)S 10 R 3522(\(3\),)S 10 B 3690(pwdauth)S 10 R 4071(\(8\).)S 4224 V 9 R 720(N)S 722(NO)S 790(OT)S 858(TE)S 916(ES)S 974(S)S 4344 V 10 R 1080(The)S 10 B 1263(nobody)S 10 R 1607(and)S 10 B 1778(nogroup)S 10 R 2167(id's)S 2344(are)S 2494(likely)S 2749(to)S 2853(be)S 2974(renumbered)S 3481(to)S 3585(the)S 3734(highest)S 4050(possible)S 4405(id's)S 4582(once)S 4799(it)S 4882(is)S 4976(\256gured)S 4464 V 1080(out)S 1233(what)S 1454(they)S 1652(are.)S 4632 V 9 R 720(A)S 722(AU)S 790(UT)S 858(TH)S 916(HO)S 984(OR)S 1052(R)S 4752 V 10 R 1080(Kees)S 1307(J.)S 1396(Bot)S 1566(\(kjb@cs.vu.nl\))S 7903 V 720(September)S 1176(13,)S (1996)200 1326 A 4990(Page)S 5211(2)S 8143 V EP %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Bold Times-Italic Symbol %%Pages: 2