.TH CC 1
.SH NAME
cc, pc, m2, acc, apc, am2, gcc, kcc \- Minix C, Pascal, and Modula-2 compilers
.SH SYNOPSIS
.in +.5i
.ti -.5i
.BR cc |\c
.BR pc |\c
.BR m2 |\c
.BR acc |\c
.BR apc |\c
.BR am2 |\c
.BR gcc |\c
.BR kcc
.RB [ "\-D \fIname\fR[\fB=\fIvalue" ]]
\&...
.RB [ "\-U \fIname" ]
\&...
.RB [ "\-I \fIdirectory" ]
\&...
.RB [ \-.\fIsuffix ]
\&...
.RB [ \-c ]
.RB [ \-E ]
.RB [ \-P ]
.RB [ \-S ]
.RB [ \-c.\fIsuffix ]
.RB [ \-O ]
.RB [ \-O\fIlevel ]
.RB [ \-OS ]
.RB [ \-OT ]
.RB [ \-g ]
.RB [ \-n ]
.RB [ \-a ]
.RB [ \-R ]
.RB [ \-A ]
.RB [ \-s ]
.RB [ \-fsoft ]
.RB [ \-fnone ]
.RB [ \-w ]
.RB [ \-wo ]
.RB [ \-ws ]
.RB [ \-wa ]
.RB [ \-3 ]
.RB [ \-_ ]
.RB [ \-W\fIname\fB\-\fIoption ]
\&...
.RB [ \-m\fIarch ]
.RB [ "\-o \fIoutfile" ]
.RB [ "\-L \fIdirectory" ]
\&...
.RB [ \-sep ]
.RB [ \-uzp ]
.RB [ \-pal ]
.RB [ \-com ]
.RB [ \-r ]
.RB [ "\-stack \fIsize" ]
.I operand
\&...
.in -.5i
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR Cc ,
.BR pc ,
.BR m2 ,
.BR acc ,
.BR apc ,
.BR am2 ,
.BR gcc
and
.BR kcc
are the call names of the Minix C, Pascal, and Modula-2 compilers.  It
is a unified interface to all the different compilers that can be
used under Minix.  The first three call names are used for the default
compilers, the next three name the ACK (Amsterdam Compiler Kit)
compilers explicitely,
.B gcc
is the GNU project C compiler, and lastly
.B kcc
is the name of the C-compiler used to compile the Minix kernel.
.PP
All these call names are links to the
.B acd
driver program, and each uses the driver description file
.BI /usr/lib/ name /descr
that describes the steps necessary to compile a source file.  In
.B /usr/lib/
one can find several symlinks from call names to the proper compilers.
.SH OPTIONS
The transformations done by the compiler are modified by the following
options.  They are a superset of the options required by \s-2POSIX\s+2,
with the Minix or compiler specific ones are marked as such.  Options
for one specific compiler are ignored for others.  Read the OPTIONS section
of
.BR acd (1)
for the driver specific options.
.PP
.TP
.BI \-D " name\fR[\fB=\fIvalue\fR]"
Same as if
.BI #define " name value"
had been given.
.B 1
is assumed if
.I value
is omitted.  This argument, like all the other double arguments, may also
be given as a single argument.  (I.e. either as
.BI \-D "\0name"
or
.BI \-D name\fR.)
.TP
.BI \-U " \fIname"
Undefine the pre-defined symbol
.IR name .
.TP
.BI \-I " directory"
Extend the include directory path with the given directory.  These
directories are searched for include files in the given order before the
standard places.  The standard place for the C compiler is
.BR /usr/include ,
and for the ACK Modula-2 compiler it is
.BR /usr/lib/ack/m2 .
.TP
.BI \-. suffix
Act as if a source file with the given suffix is present on the command line.
For each language found on the command line the appropriate libraries are
selected.  The first language mentioned selects the runtime startoff.
The call name of the driver also chooses the language, so \fBcc\fP is an
implicit
.BR \-.c .
The runtime startoff can be omitted by specifying
.B \-.o
for those rare cases where you want to supply your own startoff.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-c
Transform the input files to object files and stop.  The
.B \-o
option may be used under Minix to set the name of the object file.
.BR Make (1)
likes this, because
.BI "cc \-c" " dir/file" .c
puts
.IB file .o
in the current directory, but
.BI "cc \-c" " dir/file" .c
.BI \-o " dir/file" .o
puts the
.B .o
file where
.B make
expects it to be by its builtin
.B .c.o
rule.
.TP
.B \-E
Run the preprocessor over the input files and send the result to standard
output or the file named by
.BR \-o .
Standard input is read if an input file is named "\fB\-\fR".
.TP
.B \-P
Run the preprocessor over the input files and put the result to files
with the suffix
.BR .i .
File and line number information is omitted from the output.  Use
.B \-P \-E
under Minix to omit this info for
.B \-E
too.
.TP
.B \-S
Transform the input files to assembly files with suffix
.BR .s .
.TP
.BI \-c. suffix
Transform the input files to files with the given suffix.  This can only
succeed if there is a valid transformation from the input file to the
given suffix.  The same goes for
.B \-c
and other options that are just special cases of this option, except for
.BR \-P ,
.B \-c.i
keeps the line number info.  The option
.B \-c.a
makes the driver transform the input files to object files and add them to a
library.  (So you do not need to know how the archiver works.)  Note that you
need to give object files as arguments if you want to replace old object
files.  Transformed files are added under a (unique) temporary name.  With
.B \-o
you can name the library.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-O
Optimize code.  This option is a no-op, because all the compilers already
use the
.BR \-O1
optimization level to get code of reasonable quality.  Use
.BR \-O0
to turn off optimization to speed up compilation at debug time.
.TP
.BI \-O level
Compile with the given optimization level.  (Minix)
.PP
.B \-OS
.br
.B \-OT
.RS
Optimize for space or for time.  (ACK)
.RE
.TP
.B \-g
Compile the C source with debugging information.  (The way
.BR \-g ,
.B \-s
and
.B \-O
interact is left unspecified.)
.TP
.B \-n
Omit the file and line number tracking that is used for runtime error reports
from Pascal or Modula-2 programs.  The
.B \-n
flag is normally used to compile library modules, but may also be useful to
make a program smaller and faster once debugged.  (ACK Pascal & Modula-2)
.TP
.B \-a
Enable assertions, i.e. statements of the form \fBassert\fI\ test\fR
that cause a descriptive runtime error if the boolean expression
.I test
evaluates false.  (ACK Pascal & Modula-2)
.TP
.B \-R
Disable runtime checks like overflow checking.  (ACK Pascal & Modula-2)
.TP
.B \-A
Enable array bound checks.  (ACK Pascal & Modula-2)
.TP
.B \-s
Strip the resulting executable of its symbol table.
.TP
.B \-fsoft
Use software floating point instead of hardware floating point.  This flag
must be specified in all phases of the compilation so that the compiler
produces code that calls the floating point emulation library, and that
the loader uses libraries that have been compiled with
.BR \-fsoft .
This option is a no-op for ACK, it figures things out at runtime.  Use
GCC if you want fast hardware floating point.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-fnone
No floating point is used, or more precisely, no floating point is to be
printed or read.  A special library is used that contains
.B printf
and
.B scanf
functions that don't deal with floating point.  This makes the resulting
binary much smaller.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-w
Do not produce warnings about dubious C language constructs.  Normally
the compiler is configured to do the maximum amount of checking
without being too annoying.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-wo
Omit warnings about old (K&R) style.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-ws
Omit strict warnings.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-wa
Omit all warnings.  (Minix)
.TP
.B \-3
Only accept 3rd edition Modula-2.  (ACK Modula-2)
.TP
.B \-_
Allow underscores in Pascal or Modula-2 identifiers, but not at the beginning
of an identifier.  (ACK Pascal & Modula-2)
.TP
.BI \-W name \- option
If
.I name
is the name of the compiler this driver is working for, then
.I option
is activated for that compiler.  See below for a per-compiler list.  Any other
.B \-W
option is ignored.  (\fB\-W\fP is described by \s-2POSIX\s+2 as an optional
flag to send options to the different compiler passes with a totally
different (and nicely ignored) syntax as described here.)
.TP
.BI \-m arch
Set the target architecture for a cross compiler.  Normally the compiler
produces code for the same architecture it itself is compiled for.  The
.B ARCH
environment variable may also be used to set the architecture.  Architectures
names are:
.B i86
(Intel 8086 and 286),
.B i386
(Intel 386, 486, ...),
.B m68000
(Motorola MC68000 & MC68010, 16-bit ints),
.B m68010
(Motorola MC68000 & MC68010, 32-bit ints),
.B m68020
(Motorola MC68020, 32-bit ints),
.B sparc
(Sun SPARC).  (Minix)
.TP
.BI \-o " outfile"
Set the output file for the
.BR \-c ,
.BR \-c.a ,
and
.BR \-E
options, or choose the executable name instead of the default
.BR a.out .
.TP
.BI \-L " directory"
Extend the library search path with
.IR directory .
These directories are searched for libraries named by
.B \-l
in the given order before the standard places.  The standard places are
.BI /lib/ name /\c
.IR arch ,
and
.BI /usr/lib/ name /\c
.IR arch .
The search for libaries in directories added with
.B \-L
looks in
.IB directory / name /\c
.IR arch
and
.I directory
itself.
.RI ( Name
and
.I arch
are the compiler call name and machine architecture respectively.  This is
Minix dependent, compilers on other systems usually only look in
.IR directory .)
.PP
.B \-sep
.br
.B \-uzp
.br
.B \-pal
.br
.B \-com
.RS
Set the attributes of the executable.  All attributes are already set by
default.  If one or more of these flags are given then the attributes are
determined by these flags.  The attributes are:
Separate I&D
.RB ( \-sep ),
the text segment is read-only and shareable.  Unmapped Zero Page
.RB ( \-uzp ),
the first page is mapped out to trap null pointer dereferences.  Page aligned 
.RB ( \-pal ),
the disk blocks of the executable are aligned to the pages in memory.
To reset all the attributes use
.BR \-com .
Attributes are ignored if the target architecture can't support them.
(Minix)
.RE
.TP
.B \-r
Makes the loader produce a relocatable object file, i.e. a file that
may be loaded again.  The runtime startoff and the default libraries are
omitted, only the files mentioned are combined.  (Minix)
.TP
.BI \-stack " size"
Allow the process
.I size
bytes of heap and stack.
.I Size
is a C-style decimal, octal, or hexadecimal number, optionally followed by
the multipliers
.BR m ,
.BR k ,
.BR w ,
and
.B b
for mega (1024*1024), kilo (1024), "word" (2 or 4), and byte (1).  Uppercase
letters are accepted too.  A size of
.B 32kw
is used by default, translating to 64k for
.BR i86 ,
and 132k for other architectures.  Too large a size is rounded down to keep
the data segment within 64 kilobytes for the
.BR i86 .
Any size under 3 megabytes is rounded up to 3 megabytes at runtime for
Minix-vmd.  For all other Minix systems this is a hard limit.  (Minix)
.SH OPERANDS
All leftover operands are treated as files to be compiled, with one
exception.  The construct
.BI \-l " library"
is used to denote a library, usually
.BI lib library .a\fR,
that is to be searched in the directories mentioned with
.B \-L
or the standard places.  These libraries keep their place among the
(transformed) input files when presented to the loader.  (It is a common
mistake to write
.BR "cc\ \-lcurses\ x.c"
instead of
.BR "cc\ x.c\ \-lcurses" .)
.SH IMPLEMENTATIONS
One large compiler description file has been created for Minix-vmd to
handle both the ACK and GNU compilers.
.SS ACK
Given that this "unified" compiler interface is based on the ACK ANSI-C,
Pascal and Modula-2 compilers most options can be handed over to the ACK
phases literally.
.PP
Several additional flags are accepted as synonyms for other flags or ignored
to allow Makefiles written under standard Minix or for the normal ACK
compiler to work, so
.B \-f
and
.B \-fp
are synonyms for
.BR \-fsoft ,
.B \-m
and
.B \-F
are ignored,
.B \-i
sets separate I&D (normally already set by default),
.BI \-R pass \- option
is seen as
.BI \-Wack\-R pass \- option\fR.
The last option can be used to pass flags to specific ACK programs.
.I Pass
can be one of
.BR cpp ,
.BR cem ,
.BR m2 ,
.BR pc ,
.BR opt ,
.BR ego ,
.BR opt2 ,
.BR cg ,
.BR as
and
.BR led .
Read
.BR ACK (7)
for more detailed information on the ACK compilers.
.SS GNU
Users expecting
.B gcc
to work like the normal GCC driver will be disappointed.  The interface
given is that described in this manual page.  By default ANSI C is
expected with many warnings turned on.  Default options:
.BR "\-ansi \-pedantic \-Wall \-Wstrict\-prototypes" .
.B \-wo
takes away
.BR "\-ansi \-Wstrict\-prototypes \-Wreturn\-type" .
The
.B \-wa
option removes all default
.B \-W
options and warnings about GNU extensions to the C language.  The GCC
.B \-f
and
.B \-W
options may not be used directly, but need a
.B \-Wgcc
prefix.  Any option given with
.B \-Wgcc
is passed to the C front end.
.SS "Feature test macros"
The preprocessors are given these arguments to define feature test macros:
.B \-D__ACK__
or
.B \-D__GNUC__=2
tell what compiler is used.
.B \-D__minix
tells that this is some kind of Minix.
.B \-D__minix_vmd
tells that this is Minix-vmd.
.BI \-D__ arch
tells the architecture.
(More macros are defined, but they are only to be used in the include files.)
.PP
The symbols above are predefined by the preprocessor so that your program is
able to "sense" the environment it is in.  It is also possible for your
program to do the opposite, to tell what kind of environment it likes to
have.  By default,
.B cc
compiles a standard C program.  If you want the extensions described in
POSIX.1 to become visible, then you have to set
.BR _POSIX_C_SOURCE " to " 1 ,
at the start of your program.  (Using the
older
.B _POSIX_SOURCE
define will also work.)  To enable the POSIX.2 extensions you need to set
.BR _POSIX_C_SOURCE " to " 2 .
To enable \s-2UNIX\s+2 or Minix extensions you need to set
.BR _MINIX_SOURCE " to " 1 .
If you don't want to clutter your source files with these symbols then you
can use
.B cc \-D_MINIX
to get both the POSIX.2 and the Minix extensions.  (This looks a bit messy,
which is no surprise when dealing with committee designed standards.)
.SS "Preprocessing"
Pascal, Modula-2, EM source (see below), and Assembly source are
preprocessed by the C preprocessor if the very first character in the file
is a '\fB#\fP' character.
.SS "Assembly dialects"
No two compilers use the same assembly language.  To be able to use the same
assembly dialect for the low level support routines an assembly converter is
provided.  The input of this converter can be of type
.BR ack ,
.BR ncc ,
or
.BR bas ,
and the output can be of type
.BR ack ,
.BR ncc ,
or
.BR gnu .
The suffix of the file tells the assembly dialect (see below), or one can
use the option
.BI \-Was\- dialect
to tell the driver what the dialect of a plain
.B .s
file is.  The assembly converter is not as smart as the assembler, the
translation is more or less a text substitution.  It leaves a lot of
checking to the target assembler.  You have to restrict yourself to a subset
that is understood by both assemblers.  The ACK assembler for instance
doesn't care if you use `ax' or `eax' for a 32 bit register, it looks at the
instruction type.  The GNU assembler doesn't like this, so you have to use
the proper register name in ACK assembly that is to be translated to GNU
assembly.  Expressions are converted as is, even if the operator precedence
rules of the two assembly languages differ.  So use parentheses.  The
converter does promise one thing: compiler output can be properly
translated.
.SH FILES
.TP 10
.B /usr/lib/ack/descr
The description file for all the compilers.
.TP
.B .c
Suffix of a C source file.
.TP
.B .mod
Modula-2.
.TP
.B .p
Pascal.
.TP
.B .i
Preprocessed C source.
.TP
.B .k
ACK machine independent compact EM code produced by the C, Pascal, or
Modula-2 front end (or any other ACK front end.)  The ACK compilers are
based on the UNCOL idea where several front ends compile to a common
intermediate language, and several back ends transform the intermediate
language to the target machine language.  The ACK intermediate language
is named "EM".
.TP
.B .m
Peephole optimized EM.
.TP
.B .gk
Result of the (optional) EM global optimizer.
.TP
.B .g
Result of the second EM peephole optimizer used after the global optimizer.
.TP
.B .e
Human readable EM.  (Human created or decoded compact EM.)
.TP
.B .s
Target machine assembly.  (Current compiler dialect.)
.TP
.B .ack.s
ACK assembly.
.TP
.B .ncc.s
ACK Xenix style assembly.  This dialect is used by the 16 bit ACK ANSI C
compiler.
.TP
.B .gnu.s
GNU assembly.
.TP
.B .bas.s
BCC assembly.  (Used by the Bruce Evans' BCC compiler, for many years the
compiler for Minix-386.)
.TP
.B .o
Object code.
.TP
.B .a
Object code library.
.TP
.B a.out
Default output executable.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR acd (1),
.BR ACK (7).
.SH AUTHOR
Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)